|
is manga aimed at a teenage female readership. The name romanizes the Japanese 少女 (shōjo), literally "young woman". Shōjo manga covers many subjects in a variety of narrative styles, from historical drama to science fiction, often with a focus on romantic relationships or emotions.〔Toku, Masami, editor. 2005. "Shojo Manga: Girl Power!" Chico, CA: Flume Press/California State University Press. ISBN 1-886226-10-5. See also http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html. Accessed 2007-09-22.〕 Strictly speaking, however, shōjo manga does not comprise a style or genre, but rather indicates a target demographic.〔Thorn, Matt (2001) ("Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls" ), ''The Japan Quarterly'', Vol. 48, No. 3〕〔Thorn, Matt (2004) (What Shôjo Manga Are and Are Not: A Quick Guide for the Confused ), last modified December 18, 2006〕 ==History== Japanese magazines specifically for girls, known as shōjo magazines, first appeared in 1903 with the founding of and continued with others such as (1906) and the long-running (1908).〔〔(The Kikuyō Town Library ). () Retrieved on 2008-09-15.〕 The roots of the wide-eyed look commonly associated with shōjo manga dates back to early shōjo magazine illustrations during the early 20th century. The most important illustrators associated with this style at the time were Yumeji Takehisa and particularly Jun'ichi Nakahara, who, influenced by his work as a doll creator, frequently drew female characters with big eyes in the early 20th century. This had a significant influence on early shōjo manga, evident in the work of influential manga artists such as Makoto Takahashi and Riyoko Ikeda.〔https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j1LLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24〕 Simple, single-page manga began to appear in these magazines by 1910, and by the 1930s more sophisticated humor-strips had become an essential feature of most girls' magazines. The most popular manga, Katsuji Matsumoto's ''Kurukuru Kurumi-chan'' (くるくるクルミちゃん), debuted on the pages of ''Shōjo no tomo'' (少女の友) in 1938.〔Thorn, Matt (2006) "(Pre-World War II Shōjo Manga and Illustrations )" matt-thorn.com 〕 As World War II progressed, however, "comics, perhaps regarded as frivolous, began to disappear".〔Schodt, Frederik L. (1983) ''Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics'', Kodansha International〕 Postwar shōjo manga, such as Shosuke Kurakane's popular ''Anmitsu Hime'',〔Yonezawa, Yoshihiro, ed. (1991)''Kodomo no Shōwa-shi: Shōjo manga no sekai I'', Shōwa 20 nen – 37 nen (子供の昭和史──少女マンガの世界 I 昭和20年〜37年 "A Children's History of Showa-Era Japan: The World of Shōjo Manga I, 1945–1962") Bessatsu Taiyō series. Tokyo: Heibonsha〕 initially followed the pre-war pattern of simple humor-strips. But Osamu Tezuka's postwar revolution, introducing intense drama and serious themes to children's manga, spread quickly to shōjo manga, particularly after the enormous success of his seminal ''Ribon no kishi'' (リボンの騎士 ''Princess Knight'').〔 Sally the Witch—being the first magical girl genre anime—may (even more broadly) be the first shōjo anime as well. Until the mid-1960s, males vastly outnumbered the females (for example: Toshiko Ueda, Hideko Mizuno, Masako Watanabe, and Miyako Maki) amongst the artists working on shōjo manga. Many, such as Tetsuya Chiba,〔Thorn, Matt (2005) "(The Moto Hagio Interview )" ''The Comics Journal'' #269.〕 functioned as rookies, waiting for an opportunity to move over to shōnen (少年 "boys'") manga. Chiba asked his wife about girls' feelings for research for his manga. At this time, conventional job opportunities for females did not include becoming a manga artist.〔Toku, Masami (2007) "(Shojo Manga! Girls' Comics! A Mirror of Girls’ Dreams )" ''Mechademia 2'' pp.22–23〕 Adapting Tezuka's dynamic style to shōjo manga (which had always been domestic in nature) proved challenging. According to Matt Thorn: While some chose to simply create longer humor-strips, others turned to popular girls' novels of the day as a model for melodramatic shōjo manga. These manga featured sweet, innocent pre-teen heroines, torn from the safety of family and tossed from one perilous circumstance to another, until finally rescued (usually by a kind, handsome young man) and re-united with their families.〔Thorn, Matt (2008) "(The Multi-Faceted Universe of Shōjo Manga )", presented at ''(Le manga, 60 ans après... )'', Paris, March 15.〕 These early shōjo manga almost invariably had pre-adolescent girls as both heroines and readers. Unless they used a fantastic setting (as in ''Princess Knight'') or a backdrop of a distant time or place, romantic love for the heroine remained essentially taboo. But the average age of the readership rose, and its interests changed. In the mid-1960s one of the few female artists in the field, Yoshiko Nishitani, began to draw stories featuring contemporary Japanese teenagers in love. This signaled a dramatic transformation of the genre.〔Yonezawa, Yoshihiro, ed. (1991)''Kodomo no Shōwa-shi: Shōjo manga no sekai II'', Shōwa 38 nen – 64 nen (子供の昭和史──少女マンガの世界 II 昭和38年〜64年 "A Children's History of Showa-Era Japan: The World of Shōjo Manga II, 1963–1989") Bessatsu Taiyō series. Tokyo: Heibonsha〕〔Thorn, Matt (2005) "The Magnificent Forty-Niners" ''The Comics Journal'' #269.〕 Between 1950 and 1969, increasingly large audiences for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres, shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.〔〔 These romantic comedy shoujo manga were inspired by American TV dramas of the time.〔SAITO, K. Desire in Subtext: Gender, Fandom, and Women's Male-Male Homoerotic Parodies in Contemporary Japan. Mechademia. 6, 173, Nov. 2011. ISSN: 19342489.〕 Between roughly 1969 and 1971, a flood of young female manga artists transformed the genre again. Some, including Hagio Moto, Yumiko Oshima, and Keiko Takemiya, became known as the ''hana no nijū yon nen gumi'' (花の24年組, Year 24 Group, so named from the approximate year of birth many of them shared: Shōwa 24, or 1949). This loosely defined group experimented with content and form, inventing such new subgenres as shōnen-ai, and earning the long-maligned shōjo manga unprecedented critical praise. Other female artists of the same generation, such as Riyoko Ikeda, Yukari Ichijo, and Sumika Yamamoto, garnered unprecedented popular support with such hits (respectively) as ''Berusaiyu no bara'' (ベルサイユのばら, "The Rose of Versailles"), ''Dezainaa'' (デザイナー, "Designer"), and ''Eesu wo nerae!'' (エースをねらえ!, "Aim for the Ace!").〔〔 〕〔〔〔Schodt, Frederik L. 1986. ''Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics.'' Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 978-0-87011-752-7.〕〔Gravett, Paul. 2004. ''Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics'', pages 78–80. New York: Harper Design. ISBN 1-85669-391-0.〕〔Lent, 2001, ''op. cit.'', pp. 9–10.〕 Since the mid-1970s, women have created the vast majority of shōjo manga; notable exceptions include Mineo Maya and Shinji Wada. From 1975 shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously branching out into different but overlapping subgenres.〔Ōgi, Fusami 2004. "Female subjectivity and shōjo (girls) manga (Japanese comics): shōjo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics". ''Journal of Popular Culture'', 36(4):780–803.〕 Yukari Fujimoto feels that during the 1990s, shoujo manga became concerned with self-fulfillment. She feels the Gulf War influenced the development of "girls who fight to protect the destiny of a community", such as ''Red River'', ''Basara'', ''Magic Knight Rayearth'', and ''Sailor Moon''. She feels that the shōjo manga of the 1990s showed emotional bonds between women were stronger than bonds between a man and a woman.〔http://www.jpf.go.jp/JF_Contents/GetImage/img_pdf/JBN56.pdf?ContentNo=9&SubsystemNo=1&FileName=img_pdf/JBN56.pdf〕 Major subgenres include romance, science fiction, fantasy, magical girls, yaoi, and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese, ''redisu'' レディース, ''redikomi'' レディコミ, and ''josei'' 女性).〔Gravett, Paul. 2004. ''Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics.'' NY: Harper Design. ISBN 1-85669-391-0. p. 8.〕〔Schodt, Frederik L. 1996. ''Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga''. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-880656-23-5.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shōjo manga」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|